Effect of Dolomite on Strength, Rheology and Microstructure of Ternary Blended Cement
Abstract
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) have long been used in cement production to partially replace clinker, reducing CO₂ emissions and production costs while enhancing sustainability. Materials such as fly ash, silica fume and slag have been widely incorporated into cement formulations, improving performance and durability. However, the availability of these SCMs is diminishing due to declining industrial by-products prompting the search for alternative sources. A promising approach is the use of abundant calcined clay combined with limestone, forming a blended system known as Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3 ). This technology has gained attention as a viable solution to clinker reduction, offering comparable performance while utilizing widely available raw materials. In Africa, particularly in Kenya, the adoption of LC3 technology faces a major challenge: the absence of high-quality limestone. Unlike regions with abundant pure limestone, many African countries primarily have low-grade limestone deposits, including dolomite. Inadequate high-quality limestone sources means that large-scale implementation would necessitate importing it, potentially increasing costs and limiting feasibility. Additionally, the low-quality limestone (dolomite) cannot be used in clinker production since its magnesium carbonate decompose to magnesium oxide that is associated with soundness during hydration. An alternative approach is to explore the use of locally available dolomite when it is not calcined to make a blended cement. In this study, the potential of incorporating dolomite in a ternary blended cement system alongside calcined clay was investigated. A replacement level of 45% was adopted, maintaining a dolomite-to-calcined clay ratio of 1:2. The study assessed the effect of combined clay and dolomite on cement strength, rheology and microstructure. The tested parameters were evaluated using compressive strength and rheometer machine, phase composition through Xray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The pore was examined using Fiji, an opensource image analysis software program to refine the blends based on the SEM images. Compressive strength of 38 MPa after the 28th day was achieved relatively lower than OPC at 42.5MPa. Shear thinning property and low yield stress was obtained for the dolomitic blends indicating easy workability of the material. The results further showed a synergy between dolomite/limestone and calcined clay whereby additional phases formed on the 28th day including Hemicarboaluminate (Hc) and Monocarboaluminate (Mc). Higher pore refinement was observed with dolomite blends. The results showed that blending dolomite and calcined clay contributes significantly to mechanical properties in the same way as limestone and calcined clay. Microstructural analysis revealed a well-developed cement matrix with promising durability characteristics. These findings suggest that dolomite, when utilized serves as a viable alternative to high-purity limestone in ternary cement formulations, providing a sustainable and locally adaptable solution for clinker reduction in Africa. Dolomite is a suitable clinker substitute to clinker as it contributes to strength development of a ternary blended cement and also it has low yield stress thus enhanced workability.
